First report of natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in secretions of the scent glands and myocardium of Philander opossum (Marsupialia: Didelphidae): Parasitological and clinicopathological findings.

Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of American trypanosomiasis and can infect humans and different species of domestic and wild animals. The marsupials are important wild reservoirs of T. cruzi, aiding in the maintenance of this agent in sylvatic and peri-domestic environments. The objective of this study was to report the parasitological and clinicopathological findings of a natural infection by T. cruzi in one specimen of Philander opossum that originated from the Brazilian Amazon. The animal was captured in a forest fragment near a rural community with reports of human Chagas disease. T. cruzi infection was diagnosed by blood smear examinations, blood culture, scent glands secretion culture, histopathological examination, and nested-PCR. Positive samples were subjected to PCR to characterize the discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi. Characteristic trypomastigotes of T. cruzi were observed in the blood smear, and spheromastigotes, epimastigotes, and trypomastigotes were visualized in the cultures. Non-suppurative myocarditis associated with amastigote clusters was the principal histopathological finding. DNA from T. cruzi was detected in samples of blood, blood cultures, scent glands secretion cultures, cardiac muscles, and the spleen. The TcI and the TcII/V/VI group DTUs were detected in blood culture and scent glands secretion cultures. Infection by T. cruzi can cause myocarditis in P. opossum and DTUs TcI and TcII/V/VI group mixed infection can be detected in the acute phase. P. opossum can be a source of infection for triatomine vectors and has the potential source for direct transmission of T. cruzi by secretions from the scent glands. These data are important to improve the understanding of the complex enzootic transmission cycle of T. cruzi in the Brazilian Amazon.

Leishmania infantum infection in dogs from maroon communities in the Eastern Amazon / Infecção por Leishmania infantum em cães de comunidades quilombolas na Amazônia Oriental

ABSTRACT: This study was designed to detect L. infantum infection in dogs and to evaluate the factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis in the maroon communities of Menino Jesus de Petimandeua and Itaboca in the municipality of Inhangapi, Pará, Brazil. Whole blood and intact skin samples were collected from 143 dogs, and a questionnaire was applied. L. infantum DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers RV1 and RV2. Collection sites were georeferenced to obtain a spatial distribution of the residences visited and infected dogs. L. infantum DNA was detected in 8.4% (12/143) of the skin samples and in 1.4% (2/143) of the blood samples. On the risk map, three clusters were observed in Itaboca and one was observed in Menino Jesus de Petimandeua. We observed that most of the inhabitants in these maroon communities live close to forested areas and do not use protection against insect vectors. The presence of canine reservoirs of L. infantum associated to environment characteristics (preserved forests and deforested areas) and habits of dog owners (living near forested areas and not using any protection against insects) may favor the transmission of L. infantum in the studied areas.

RESUMO: O presente estudo objetivou detectar a infecção por Leishmania infantum em cães e avaliar os fatores associados com a leishmaniose visceral canina nas comunidades quilombolas Menino Jesus de Petimandeua e Itaboca, município de Inhangapi, Pará, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue e de pele íntegra de 143 cães, sendo aplicado um questionário. A detecção do DNA de L. infantum foi realizada através da PCR com os iniciadores RV1 e RV2. Os locais de coleta foram georreferenciados para realizar a distribuição e análise espacial das residências visitadas e dos cães infectados. DNA de L. infantum foi detectado em 8,4% (12/143) das amostras de pele dos cães e em 1,4% (2/143) das amostras de sangue. No mapa de risco, foram observados três aglomerados em Itaboca e um em Menino Jesus de Petimandeua. Pôde-se constatar que a maioria dos moradores das comunidades quilombolas reside em áreas próximas de mata e não utilizam proteção contra insetos vetores. A presença de reservatórios caninos de L. infantum associada com características ambientais (floresta preservada e áreas de desmatamento) e os hábitos dos proprietários dos cães (que vivem perto de áreas de floresta e não usam qualquer tipo de proteção contra insetos) podem favorecer a transmissão de L. infantum nas áreas estudadas.

Occurrence of eggs and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites in passerine birds kept in captivity in Para State, Brazil / Ocorrência de ovos e oocistos de parasitos gastrointestinais em aves Passeriformes mantidas em cativeiro no estado do Pará, Brasil

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to detect helminth eggs and protozoan oocysts in samples of feces from birds of the order Passeriformes in Para State, Brazil. Fecal samples were collected individually from 403 passerine birds seized and kept in captivity in Para State. Samples were processed by the double centrifugation technique in saturated sucrose solution and the coccidial oocyst-positive samples were submitted to sporulation in potassium dichromate 2.0%. Helminth eggs and/or protozoan oocysts were observed in 43.18% (174/403) of the fecal samples examined. Coccidial oocysts were detected in 93.68% (163/174) of the positive samples, whereas helminth eggs were observed in 10.34% (18/174) of the positive samples. Oocyst sporulation occurred in 43.56% (71/163) of the samples, and only Isospora spp. oocysts were detected. Nematode eggs of the superfamilies Trichostrongyloidea (4.60%; 8/174), Ascaridoidea (0.57%; 1/174), and Trichuroidea (0.57%; 1/174) were diagnosed in the positive samples. Cestoda eggs were diagnosed in 2.87% (5/174), whereas Trematoda eggs were detected in 2.30% (4/174) of positive samples. Passerine birds seized and kept in captivity in the visited local presented parasitism by intestinal helminths and protozoan, with a predominance of infection with coccidia of the gender Isospora.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi detectar ovos de helmintos e oocistos de protozoários em amostras de fezes de aves da ordem Passeriformes no estado do Pará, Brasil. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas individualmente de 403 aves Passeriformes oriundas de apreensão e mantidas em cativeiro no estado do Pará. As amostras foram processadas usando a técnica de dupla centrifugação em solução saturada de sacarose e as amostras positivas para oocistos de coccídios foram submetidas à esporulação em dicromato de potássio 2,0%. Ovos de helmintos e/ou oocistos de protozoários foram observados em 43,18% (174/403) das amostras fecais examinadas. Oocistos de coccídios foram detectados em 93,68% (163/174) das amostras positivas, enquanto que ovos de helmintos foram observados em 10,34% (18/174). A esporulação de oocistos ocorreu em 43,56% (71/163) das amostras, e somente oocistos de Isospora spp. foram detectados. Ovos de nematódeos das Superfamílias Trichostrongyloidea (4,60%; 8/174), Ascaridoidea (0,57%; 1/174) e Trichuroidea (0,57%; 1/174) foram diagnosticados nas amostras positivas. Ovos de Cestoda foram diagnosticados em 2,87% (5/174), enquanto que ovos de Trematoda foram detectados em 2,30% (4/174) das amostras positivas. Aves Passeriformes oriundas de apreensão e mantidas em cativeiro nas áreas visitadas estavam parasitadas por helmintos e protozoários, predominando a infecção por coccídios do gênero Isospora.